periodic table*How is oxidation numbers determined for metals?
It depends on the configuration of extra-nuclear electron and it obeys the Hund Rule(with some particular case)
For Example:
Mg 2 8 2 [Ne]3s2 it loses the outermost electrons and become Mg2+, so there's MgO
Fe 2 8 14 2 [Ar]3d6 4s2, it can lose the two outermost electrons to become Fe2+ ([Ar]3d6) and it also can lose 1 second-outermost electron to be more stable(Fe3+)([Ar]3d5), so there're FeO Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Fe2+ and Fe3+ exist together in Fe3O4. FeO is not very stable, so it can easily be oxidezed to Fe2O3 or Fe3O4 in the air.
Attach Chinese explantion:
根据核外电子排布和洪特规则(以及洪特规则特例)
例如：
Mg 核外电子排布 2 8 2 电子排布式[Ne]3s2 它可以失去两个最外层电子形成Mg2+，以达到稳定结构，所以有MgO
又如Fe 核外电子排布 2 8 14 2 电子排布式[Ar]3d6 4s2，它可以失去最外层的两个电子形成Fe2+([Ar]3d6)，也可以再失去次…
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